Colchicine for CKD!
In a multi-center, nested, case-control study in three Korean hospitals, patients with CKD stage 3 and 4 who are using drugs including colchicine, allopurinol, and febuxostat for high uric acid or chronic gout were studied over a period of 10 years. The progression of CKD was compared between 3085 compared to 11715 control patients.
Colchicine use was associated with a lower risk of adverse kidney outcomes in CKD patients with hyperuricemia, or chronic gout.
Unlike a study published two years ago in NEJM which excluded patients with advanced CKD, this study included patients with kidney function as low as 15 ml/min. Colchicine is known to anti-inflammatory. It also protects against kidney fibrosis.
There are concerns about myopathy and neuropathy with the intake of colchicine. It is, therefore, important to adjust the dose with advanced kidney disease and to be cautious when using it with patients who are on other myopathy-inducing drugs such as statin drugs.
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Long sleep duration is associated with decline in kidney function
This study is retrospective, longitudinal cohort study included 82,001 participants who visited a primary care center in Japan. Patients were categorized into CKD risk groups and sleep duration categories according to their self-reported average nightly sleep duration. The relationship between average nightly sleep duration and the incidence of composite renal outcome was studied.
Researchers found that an average sleep durations ≥8 h/night were associated with an increased risk of kidney function decline over time.
There are many reasons that connect sleep problems with poor kidney function. We summarized these in this blog.
Risk of environmental heavy metal toxicity is higher in CKD
In a study of 5,638 NHANES participants, lead and cadmium levels were higher in patients with CKD than those without it. This was also associated with decreased urinary lead excretion. Each decrease in estimated GFR by 10 ml/min/1.73m2 was associated with 0.05 mcg/dL increase in lead levels and 0.02 mcg/dL of cadmium levels. This association was even stronger among black participants.
The study concluded that CKD increases the susceptibility to heavy metal environmental exposure by reducing its elimination.
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The root cause of IgA nephropathy
IgA nephropathy is a kidney disease that is defined by the pathologic appearance of glomerular deposition of IgA immune complexes. However, this definition does not address the root cause of the disease.
It has been increasingly recognized that IgA immune complex that deposit in the kidneys predominantly contain polymeric IgA1 lacking galactose within its O-glycosylated hinge region.
In this study, researchers found that patients with IgA nephropathy have elevated levels of certain B cells that are enriched for λ light chains. These cells are predestined for homing to upper respiratory and digestive tract mucosal tissues. In the mucosal tissues, these B cells mature and excrete abnormal IgA in the setting of upper respiratory or digestive infection. You can read more IgA nephropathy by reading our blog here.
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Metformin: Some people love it and some people hate it… But it sure is getting a lot of attention lately
This study was done in rats with “non-diabetic kidney disease.” CKD was established in these rats by feeding them high adenine diet. Then they were randomized to receive either metformin or canagliflozin (an SGLT-2 inhibitor).
Metformin, but not canagliflozin, halted the decline in kidney function. Additionally, kidneys of metformin-treated animals showed less interstitial area and inflammation as compared to the vehicle group.
Metformin is increasingly being studied in humans for various kidney diseases. If used judiciously it may be a cheap alternative to preserving kidney function.
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Tremor + gum disease + nephrotic Syndrome = ?
In this study, investigators in Beijing looked into the manifestation of mercury poisoning in 172 patients. 26.74% of these patients had kidney injury (3/4 were women) and most of them had nephrotic syndrome. The most common finding on the biopsy was membranous nephropathy.
Other findings of chronic mercury poisoning were neurotoxicity and gingivitis. Chelation with DMPS alone was as effective as chelation and prednisone in reversing kidney injury.
The most common source of exposure without kidney disease was industrial exposure. Interestingly, the most common source of exposure leading to kidney disease was cosmetics containing ionic mercury (mercury concentration in one of the patients cosmetic was 4600 mg/kg – national standards are < 1 mg/kg).
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Root Causes of Itching in Kidney Disease
Uremic toxin-induced neurologic changes
Several studies showed that patients with CKD have an imbalance of opioid receptors in the central and peripheral nervous system. Interestingly, itching in CKD correlates better with the level of uremic toxins than with glomerular filtration rate (GFR, a measurement of how well the kidneys are working). These toxins play an important role in these neurologic changes that are common in CKD. Most of these toxins are generated by the gut microbiome and are excreted by the renal tubules and not by glomerular filtration (or GFR). Measuring these toxins can be helpful. This can be done by a metabolomic test such as Genova’s Metabolomix+.
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Inflammation
CKD is an inflammatory disorder. Elevated inflammatory markers have been found to be associated with itching in kidney disease. Measuring inflammatory markers such as hsCRP, Th-1 cells, and IL-6 can be helpful in the assessment of the root cause of itching in CKD.
Dehydration
Dehydration can also lead to dry skin and worsens itching in CKD patients. Correcting the dehydration can be important in the management of itching.
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Drug-induced itching
Many medications that are used in CKD have been associated with itching. These include calcium channel blockers, hydrochlorothiazide, and ACE inhibitors. In addition, other medications such as opioids, anticoagulants, and antibiotics can cause itching.
The itch-scratch-itch cycle
One of the major problems with itching is that it leads to scratching, and this can cause skin damage. The latter can cause further itching and the cycle continues.
Natural Treatments for itching in kidney disease
There are many steps you can take to get rid of itching in kidney disease and a kidney disease rash. The first step is to visit a healthcare provider to help you determine the root cause. You can download this two-page handout to guide you in the natural treatment of itching. There is hope that you’ll relieve this frustrating problem and have comfortable skin once again.
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Air pollution is linked to kidney disease
PM 2.5 refers to particulate matters that are up to 2.5 microns in size. Because of their small size, they are considered to be the worst of all air pollutants. They reach the alveoli and enter the blood stream. This study looked at the link between PM 2.5 and chronic kidney disease (CKD) in the Twin-cities area of Minnesota. Researchers found that the risk of CKD increases with higher levels of PM 2.5. This remained true after adjusting to all other variable.
It is, therefore, important to think of air pollution as a mediator of CKD and minimize exposure to it.
Block "fundamentals" not found
A Study reaffirms the role of the gut kidney connection in diabetic kidney disease
You know we discussed the role of the gut-kidney connection in the progression of CKD. You can find many of our blogs discussing this here. Dysbiosis can be a predisposing factor or a mediator when it comes to kidney disease. This study looked at the contribution of impairment in the intestinal barrier (leaky gut) to kidney injury in diabetic kidney disease (DKD). In diabetic mice with impaired intestinal integrity intestine-derived Klebsiella oxytoca and elevated IL-17 were detected in the circulation. This was associated with epithelial renal tubular injury and faster progression to kidney failure as compared to control.
So, always think about the gut when it comes to kidney disease. A personalized comprehensive gut restoration protocol is a must to heal the gut.
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A gut-derived uremic toxin is associated with inflammation
Speaking of the gut, we discussed monocyte to HDL ration (MHR) in a previous email. If you missed it, you can read about it on our Instagram page. This study looked at the connection between Indole-3-acetic acid which is a gut-derived uremic toxin and MHR in patients with kidney disease. The study was conducted on 67 patients with CKD. Researchers found that Indole-3-acetic acid levels are directly related to MHR levels. The latter was associated with higher levels of fibrinogen, arterial hypertension, CRP.
So, as they say, when in doubt think about the gut.
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Cold exposure
Cold exposure, such as cold showers, has many benefits for kidney patients. It increases endorphins and fights off depression. It improves metabolism and circulation. Most importantly, it stimulates the vagus nerve and improves renal circulation. It may also soothe itchy skin which is common in CKD patients. In addition, cold showers help with post-workout muscle soreness.
The benefits of a cold shower begin when the water temperature dips to 60 degrees Fahrenheit. This is 40 degrees lower than the typical steamy shower. To take a cold shower, start with your usual hot shower, then turn the knob to cold at the end of your shower. Lower the temperature gradually at the end of your shower every day. The benefits start with thirty seconds under the cold water. Maximum benefits are reached in three minutes.
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Vagus nerve breathing exercises
Deep and slow breathing can activate the parasympathetic system. In fact, deep breathing is one of the best ways to lower stress in the body. It sends messages to the brain to calm down and relax by activating the vagus nerve which helps lower heart rate and blood pressure. There are various ways to perform deep breathing. Here, I will discuss the 4-7-8 breathing technique.
This technique uses belly breathing. It can be performed sitting or lying down as follows:
- Start by putting one hand on the belly and the other one on the chest.
- Take a deep slow breath from the belly while silently counting to 4. The chest should not move.
- Hold the breath while silently counting to 7.
- Breathe out completely while silently counting to 8.
- The process can be repeated 5 to 10 times until feeling relaxed.
Singing, humming, chanting, and gargling
These activities have also been shown to improve heart rate variability and can also activate the vagus nerve because it is connected to the vocal cords. These benefits can be achieved by 10 minutes of singing, humming, chanting, or gargling every day.
Probiotics
The fact that probiotics have been found to support stimulation of the vagus nerve is another piece of evidence for the importance of the gut-brain axis. Healthy microbiota produce short-chain fatty acids, such as butyric acid, which can activate the vagus nerve and send messages from the gut to the brain. It is highly beneficial to get most probiotics through diet. However, if supplements are used, it is recommended to use good quality broad-spectrum probiotics.
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Meditation
Meditation has been found to increase vagal tone and positive emotions. Meditation for 10-15 minutes is a great way to start the day, manage stress, and stimulate the vagus nerve. There are many ways to meditate and many types of meditations. Mindfulness meditation is the most tested in kidney patients. It has been demonstrated to improve the quality of life, reduce anxiety and depression, reduce sympathetic overactivity,improve sleep, and improve blood pressure.
To practice mindfulness meditation such as Benson’s relaxation technique, follow these steps:
- Sit in a comfortable position or on a meditation cushion.
- Close your eyes.
- Relax your shoulders and muscles.
- Focus on breathing.
- Say a word with every exhalation. A positive word like “gratitude” can be used. As the mind starts racing, which distracts from the breath, the person returns to the word.
Practicing this every day will improve the experience and compound the benefits with consistency.
Omega-3 fatty acids
Among the many benefits of omega-3 fatty acids are increased vagal activity. The best way to reap the benefits of omega-3 fatty acids is by eating fatty fish twice per week, but if that is not an option due to protein restrictions or dietary choices, supplementation is an option. Other food sources include nuts and seeds such as walnuts and flaxseed. It is important that the supplement contains enough eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), which are the most powerful omega-3 fatty acids. The dose is at least 500-1,000 mg of EPA-DHA three times a day.
Exercise
One of the best vagal tone exercises is exercise itself. Exercise is linked to better mental health and stimulation of the vagus nerve. It may be one of the most underutilized yet effective interventions for the prevention and treatment of kidney disease. It has been shown to reduce the risk of CKD, help with blood pressure and glucose control, and improve health-related quality of life. Exercise also induces a positive influence on mental health, mood, and stress levels by stimulating the vagus nerve.
The best type of exercise is the one that you do. What I mean by that is don’t get discouraged by trying to find the perfect type of exercise and do anything that works best for you. Having said that, studies on exercise in CKD have included resistance training and aerobic activities that use large muscle groups continuously such as walking, cycling, and jogging.
High-intensity interval training (HIIT) offers superior benefits in individuals with metabolic diseases such as diabetic kidney disease. Studies of HIIT in CKD have shown that it is a safe and feasible option for individuals with CKD.
Those who are new to exercising should start slowly and gradually get to 20-30 minutes of strenuous exercises 5-6 days a week. It is best to alternate between aerobic exercises and resistance training. For those who are 50 years of age or older, it is important to check with your provider before engaging in strenuous exercises.
Massage therapy
Massage therapy has also been found to be associated with improved vagal tone. The stimulation of pressure receptors leads to an increased vagal activity which, in turn, seems to mediate the diverse benefits of massage therapy. Functional magnetic resonance imaging data suggested that moderate pressure massage was represented in the part of the brain involved in stress and emotion regulation.
Socializing and laughing
Finally, increased social connection and laughing have been linked to increased positive emotions. Increased
positive emotions, in turn, produced increases in vagal tone, which puts the body in a rest and repair state.
The bottom line
Stimulating the vagus nerve can turn on the parasympathetic nervous system, improve renal blood flow, and modulate inflammation in CKD. Improve kidney health using these natural techniques to turn on the vagus nerve and turn off stress: a cold shower, breathing exercises or meditation, singing or humming, probiotics, omega-3 fatty acids, exercise, massage, and social connection. Check out my 1-hour morning routine for kidney health that incorporates many of these techniques.
The post Nine Ways to Naturally Stimulate the Vagus Nerve, Lower Stress, and Promote Kidney Health appeared first on Integrative Kidney.]]>Kidney stone formation (urolithiasis) is a complex disease influenced by multiple factors including diet, genetics, and environment. They are painful, inconvenient, and when left untreated, they may contribute to more serious conditions including obstruction and kidney damage.
By Lara Zakaria, PharmD, CNS, CDN, IFMCP
Read more about the etiology and prevalence of kidney stones here.
In this series we’re building a case for a more integrative approach to preventing kidney stone formation.
Conventionally, the treatment approach does address kidney stones via a multi-pronged approach that may include medication, dietary and lifestyle, surgical removal, and using ultrasonic waves to break up stone.
However, these guidelines tend to focus too far downstream, on stone composition instead of on the underlying pathology upstream. Instead, we advocate for a more comprehensive approach that focuses on risk factors to prevent formation. Those factors include:
· Type of stone
· Socioeconomic factors
· Diet
· Hydration and electrolyte balance
· Microbiome and gut health
· Genetics
We covered individual dietary components in detail in a previous blog. Today we’ll look at the gut-kidney stone connection and the impact of the microbiome.
Gut Integrity and Kidney Stones: Leaky Gut
A normal and healthy GI tract has a natural barrier. This barrier serves to protect the GI and has three major jobs: 1. ensure proper digestion and absorption of nutrients and 2. ensure elimination of toxins and 3. protect the integrity of the microbiome – the “good” bacteria that lives in our GI tract and works with our body to maintain health.
Leaky gut describes a state when the cells that make up the lining of the GI tract separate enough to allow the contents of the gut to leak out. This is also sometimes called intestinal permeability or IP for short. This is a problem because it reduces absorption of nutrients, causes toxins to build up, alters the balance of the gut microbiome, and results in systemic inflammation.
One of the major contributors to leaky gut is the standard American diet (SAD), which seems to increase risk of kidney stone formation. When we use the term SAD, we are generally referring to a diet that includes:
· Consumption of sugary beverages and soda (and high carbohydrate consumption in general)
· Increased intake of processed/refined foods like cereals, crackers, baked goods, etc…
· Processed, fried, conventionally raised, high-nitrate animal protein
· Low intake of fiber and fresh produce in general
· A “beige” diet (low in phytonutrients and antioxidants) from consuming a variety of colorful fruits and vegetables
· Inadequate amounts of healthy, anti-inflammatory fats, and high amounts of refined unhealthy fats
We have already established that eating more fresh produce, is protective from kidney stone formation, and we’ve done a deeper dive on specific nutrition impact on kidney stone risk in another blog if you’d like to learn more.
There are several factors that may contribute to development of leaky gut:
· “Proinflammatory” SAD: too much processed and high-sugar foods, not enough fiber and the wrong inflammatory fats
· Food sensitivities: consuming food that are cause reactivity
· Overconsumption of caffeine and alcohol – irritants to gut lining
· Use of certain medications, including NSIADs, steroids, antibiotics
· Stress and poor-quality sleep
We address risk factors for intestinal permeability in more detail in a previous blog here, as well as dive into a comprehensive gut restoration strategy here in this 5-part series.
The Microbiome and Kidney Stones
Balance of the gut bacteria also play an important role in causing or preventing kidney stones. The most studied organism is Oxalobacter formigenes, which has been found to be protective when present in adequate quantities as part of the GI microflora. This bacterium degrades oxalate in the gut decreasing its absorption and excretion in the urine.
When Oxalobacter was discovered, scientists thought they had pinpointed the key to curing kidney stones. They concluded that simply supplementing this missing species should reduce risk of stone formation in susceptible individuals. It would turn out that the connection wasn’t that simple.
More recent evidence points to a more complex picture in the connection between microbiome diversity and kidney stone pathology. The emerging research shows increased risk in kidney stone formation in certain susceptible individuals also presented with alterations in normal microbiome and metabolome (metabolic byproducts from microflora) – also termed dysbiosis.
In other words, it’s likely that genetic factors might be “turned on” by dysbiosis leading to increased risk of kidney stone formation in certain individuals. The good news is that means they should be “turned off” when the microbiome balance is restored.
Studies that looked at the use of targeted probiotics have failed to show enough significant improvement of risk of urolithiasis. Although there’s been some limited and temporary reduction in oxalate excretion and kidney stone formation with the use of a combination of Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Enterococcus, it’s been shown to be temporary and limited in benefit. This is because dysbiosis cannot be addressed by simply applying a band aid of a probiotic.
We recommend instead a more comprehensive approach to gut restoration and microbiome balance. You can read more about the 5R protocol in our comprehensive 5-part series on gut restoration.
The Bottom Line
Although initial findings about the impact of the microflora that looked at Oxalobacter in isolation have not demonstrated significance in reducing incidence of kidney stone formation, more recent evidence pointing to an interplay of factors on microbiome diversity is promising. Furthermore, factors that impact kidney stone formation include dietary factors, including food quality, nutrient composition, and dehydration. Along with environmental factors, lifestyle, genetics, and gut integrity and microbiome balance should be addressed through a comprehensive and personalized approach. Practitioners working with individuals to prevent kidney stone formation should formulate a patient care plan that modifies all relevant components in their integrative approach to maximize effectiveness in preventing urolithiasis.
The post The Microbiome and Kidney Stone Formation appeared first on Integrative Kidney.]]>By Lara Zakaria, PharmD, CNS, CDN, IFMCP
The Gut-Kidney Connection
Recent studies have focused on the significance of a relationship between gastrointestinal (GI) integrity and microbiome diversity with various chronic diseases including kidney disease.
In previous blogs, we discussed the impact of exposure to food and environmental triggers that impact the gut lining (or mucosa)integrity and microbiome balance leading to intestinal permeability (IP or “leaky gut”). The impact of leaky gut on kidney health and progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) has been referred to as the gut-kidney connection is the result of complex biochemical and immune mechanisms.
A comprehensive approach to CKD includes addressing the health of the GI at the root of it. Furthermore, this means not simply supplementing with probiotics, but instead addressing all the mechanisms that underlie probiotic need. This includes modification of microbiota balance, integrity of the mucosa and epithelium of the GI tract, improving GI motility, absorption and digestion, and modulation of the immune system.
Below we will explore the fifth step, Rebalance. But first, let’s quickly review the first four steps of the comprehensive gut restoration protocol. A reminder that the 5R Protocol addresses leaky gut as a foundational approach to reduce the risk of progression of CKD.
The 5 steps of the 5R protocol for healing leaky gut are:
1) Remove potential triggers, including polypharmacy, pathogenic organisms, food intolerances, sensitivities and allergies, or toxic exposure.
2) Replace digestive aid to support improved nutrient absorption and metabolism, including digestive enzymes, or agents that promote improved motility and regular bowel movements.
3) Reinoculate provide an environment where good bacteria can thrive and where bad ones cannot.
4) Repair support of the cellular repair process through the above, as well as by providing specific nutritional support for the regeneration of the GI protective barrier.
5) Rebalance lifestyle factors that influence the gut bacteria such as stress, sleep, exercise and relationships and assure ongoing gut health.
Rebalance
The goal of the fifth step is maintenance and prevention of recurrence of IP or leaky gut. There are various factors that lead to IP that involve dietary and lifestyle influences*, including:
· Standard American Diet (SAD) which is low in fiber, high in processed foods, and highly inflammatory
· Poor eating habits (for example, multitasking and not chewing adequately)
· Inadequate hydration and/or electrolyte imbalance
· Motility issues leading to constipation or unfavorable formation/frequency of stool
· Stress and poor sleep
· Not enough exercise
To reduce risk of CKD, we must work towards improving diet and lifestyle habits that support continued GI health.
*Read more about medications that impact gut health and ultimately increase risk for KD progression here.
Where to start?
Address lifestyle factors that impact gut health
Long term dietary goals focus on a plant-based diet that is high in fiber and a wide range of key nutrients. Organic sources of animal protein can beneficial when eaten in moderation. However, the key is to load up on naturally antiinflammatory, low carbohydrate vegetables to maximize vitamins, minerals, phytonutrients and, of course, fiber. Reduce intake of starchy vegetables and eat more**:
· Dark leafy greens (like spinach, arugula, and romaine)
· Cruciferous veggies (like broccoli, cauliflower, and kale)
· Fresh whole fruit (preferably lower sugar berries and avocados, and limit to two servings per day)
· Some colorful starchy veggies can be OK (for example, carrots, sweet potatoes, beets, and squashes)
Those veggies listed above promote a healthy microbiome and improve alkalinity associated with improved kidney health. In addition to those sources of prebiotic fiber, include probiotic sources like fermented vegetables and drinks like raw sauerkraut, kimchi, pickles, apple cider vinegar, and kombucha. It’s recommended these are eaten raw because pasteurization process will destroy the bacterial content of these foods.
In general, reduce processed carbs, like bread, cereals, and high sugar foods, desserts and pastries. These types of foods are usually low in fiber and nutrients and help contribute to starving of beneficial gut bacteria. Furthermore,high carb diets have been associated with increased risk of cardiovascular (CV) disease and diabetes. Instead, moderately consume whole grains like brown rice, quinoa, oatmeal, and legumes**.
Include antiinflammatory fats focusing primarily on omega 3 sources from fish, nuts, seeds, and mono- and polyunsaturated (MUFA and PUFA) like avocados and olive oil. Even though the topic of saturated fats is more controversial, recent evidence suggest that moderate intake of certain saturated fats like that found in beef, organ meat, or ghee (clarified butter) derived from grass-fed cows and virgin coconut oil might have health benefits. Everyone agrees, however, that trans fats(aka hydrogenated oils and artificial products like margarine) or excessive intake of processed and fried fats contributes to inflammation and increased risk of disease.
Ensuring adequate hydration, drinking at least half your body weight (pounds) in ounces of water, not only helps to maintain good kidney health, it also helps support daily regular bowel movements.
It’s well established that regular exercise can be beneficial for many reasons, including improved blood pressure, blood sugar, hypertension, stress relief, and even improved digestion and GI motility. In fact, exercise has been associated with improved microbiome balance as well as beneficial modulation of the immune system.
Poor sleep quality and stress are also deeply tied to many underlying factors impacting of GI health. Reduced sleep duration and quality has been associated with increased inflammatory markers (including TNF, IL-1, and IL-6) associated with GI disease like GERD and Irritable Bowel Disease/Syndrome (IBD/IBS) disrupting digestion and nutrient absorption. Furthermore, sleep has been shown to affect kidney health directly and indirectly, including associated risk of CV disease, diabetes, obesity, and hypertension(read more about the relationship between sleep and kidney health here).
**NOTE: Due to individual variations and progress of disease, work with a nutritionist to assess if you need to maintain any specific restrictions due to your unique case and needs.
The role of supplements
Because of the unique needs of kidney disease patients, many need to rely on supplements to help obtain adequate amounts of key nutrients to maintain GI and kidney health.
This may include GI and motility support including but not limited to digestive enzymes, bitters, probiotics, and magnesium citrate and triphala for motility). Furthermore certain individuals may benefit from supplementation of certain vitamins and important minerals, high potency antioxidants, and/or support of certain key underlying cellular mechanisms impacting mitochondrial health, detoxification and nitric oxide production.
That said, many factors must be taken into consideration when choosing appropriate supplements for each patient. Supplement quality and contamination are a common concern, as are potential interactions with medication or contraindications in certain commonly associated chronic disease. We suggest working under the care and guidance of a practitioner or team of providers who are trained in integrative and functional medicine and understand the unique needs of kidney patients.
Next steps
Unfortunately, addressing gut health is only the beginning. As mentioned above, kidney disease is often associated with multiple chronic diseases including CV disease, diabetes, high blood pressure, and obesity.
The comprehensive approach to kidney care means addressing the underlying causes of this constellation of diseases which is best accomplished by a Functional Medicine approach. The goal is to identify and then rebalance the biochemical and pathophysiological dysfunction at the root of chronic disease, we can stop the progression of kidney damage and preserve kidney function.
Bottom Line
In the final step in the 5R individualized gut restoration protocol, we Rebalance the foundational factors that impact the gut-kidney axis.
Although this might be the last step in the 5R protocol, within the broader context of kidney disease, it might signal the transition to a comprehensive therapeutic protocol that includes management of the underlying dysfunction associated with related conditions such as CV disease, diabetes, obesity, and hypertension.
Working with an integrative or functional medicine provider is essential to help you navigate the comprehensive program successfully, but can help you stabilize blood sugar, lower blood pressure, lose weight, and reduce the risk of CV and ultimately, KD.
More from InKidney on the gut-kidney connection:
· Comprehensive Gut Restoration Protocol https://old.inkidney.com/2019/07/05/comprehensive-gut-restoration-protocol-ckd/
· Feeding Gut Bacteria in Kidney Disease https://old.inkidney.com/2019/02/20/feeding-gut-bacteria-patients-kidney-disease/
· Kidney-Gut Axis: Nutrition can slow the progress of kidney disease https://old.inkidney.com/2018/09/20/kidney-gut-axis-nutrition-slow-kidney-disease/
· Inflammation, Leaky Gut And Kidney Disease https://old.inkidney.com/2018/10/05/inflammation-leaky-gut-kidney-disease/
· Leaky Gut And Kidney Disease: 6 Classes Of Medication That Might Be Contributing https://old.inkidney.com/2018/10/05/leaky-gut-kidney-disease-medications/
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It has been suggested that it could be due to agricultural chemicals, heavy metal exposure, silica inhalation, infectious diseases, genetic predisposition. Many of these workers regularly work in hot conditions for long hours. More recently, they identified repeated heat stress as a cause and a risk factor for kidney disease.
There is no doubt that the prevalence of kidney disease is rising in the United States (US) and throughout the world. In fact, one in seven people in the US has kidney disease. It is one of the fastest growing causes of death throughout the globe. An estimated 5–10 million people die annually from kidney disease worldwide. Unfortunately, due to poor data, lack of awareness, early detection and access to care these numbers could underestimate the exact burden of kidney disease in the world.
Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown Origin (CKDu)
The type of chronic kidney disease that affected the agricultural workers in Central America is now called chronic kidney disease of unknown origin (or CKDu). Since the nineties, CKDu has been identified in studies of similar etiologies in Siri Lanka, India, Africa, South America and the Middle East. The common thread is the hot and humid climate.
CKDu does not follow the conventional risk factors for kidney disease and, therefore, it’s challenging to detect early and prevent. It disproportionately impacts areas with underprivileged communities and poor infrastructure. However, it would be a mistake to assume that this problem is limited to developing countries. Acute kidney injury has been reported in agricultural workers exposed to hot conditions in California and Florida.
Primary Impact: Global Temperature & Kidney Injury
It has been documented that global temperature have increased by about 1 degree centigrade (1.8 degrees Fahrenheit) in the past 50-100 years. Scientists agree that these changes have contributed with record heat waves, melting ice caps and rising sea levels, and extreme weather patterns. This pattern is posing significant health risks, some directly and some indirectly.
According to a United Nations report, climate change is expected to exacerbate health problems that already pose a major burden to vulnerable populations including children and the elderly. Climate change has been associated with a rise in many infectious diseases, especially water-borne illnesses like cholera, typhoid, and dysentery. It is also expected to contribute to the chronic disease burden and bring on new health epidemics. Not surprisingly, CKDu is one of these health issues.
Secondary Impact: Kidney Disease, Pollution, Water & Food Security
So how does rising temperature affect kidney health? The evidence points to heat stress and dehydration can result in chronic kidney disease as playing an important role in the epidemic of CKD worldwide. In fact, the progression of kidney injury has been found to worsen with rising core body temperature.
The mechanism seems to be linked with a decrease in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels and reduced mitochondria. These energy powerhouses are particularly abundant in the kidneys, and with reduced ATP and mitochondria, oxidative stress and cellular damage increases. Combine that with a diet with low nutrient-density and inadequate antioxidant content to neutralize oxidative stress, and risk of CKD significantly elevates. In laboratory studies, the supplementation of antioxidants prevented rats who were exposed to heat stress from developing kidney injury.
Furthermore, heat has been associated with increased risk of kidney stones and kidney stones are known risk factors for kidney disease. Since the kidneys are major site for the metabolism and elimination of toxins, exposure to toxins such as glyphosate contributes to kidney injury due to oxidative damage. Glyphosate in particular also impacts dysbiosis and gut health, which may be a confounding factor in the equation when we consider the gut-kidney connection.
As droughts become a more frequent occurrence as a consequence of climate change, dehydration from heat exposure and inadequate water consumption can lead to concentration of these toxins and, therefore, amplification of their negative effects.
Another factor to consider is the increase of pollution like heavy metal, plastics, and chemicals like pesticides and herbicides. Contamination of air and soil with pollutants increases inhalation and ingestion through food, including rise of mercury contamination in fish and arsenic in rice for example. These toxins have been associated with the rise in incidence of KDas well as other chronic diseases like diabetes and hypertension.
Last but not least, as climate change impacts food security and farming practices, access to fresh food and produce might be compromised. This may shift consumption to processed foods with less nutrient value, including less vitamins, minerals, phytonutrients, and antioxidants needed to promote healthy kidneys. Increased consumption of processed foods also leads to reduced fiber consumption, which impacts gut health and the microbiome which might be the most significant factor as we’ve discussed in our blog on the gut-kidney connection.
Other Considerations
It may sound like a cliché, but hydration is key. For those in labor industries or who work in agriculture or at increased risk of extended heat and chemical exposure, extra effort should be made to adequately hydrate. Broader public health measure and policy should be put in place to improve worker safety.
The risk increases for those taking medications that:
· Increases risk for dehydration, including diuretics (furosemide, hydrochlorothiazide, etc) or SGLT-2 inhibitors (canagliflozin, dapagliflozin, etc), or
· Decreases circulation to the kidneys, including ACE inhibitors (lisinopril, captopril, etc), angiotensin receptor antagonists (ARBS like losartan, Olmesartan, etc). However, as we mentioned earlier, heat lead to energy depletion in the kidneys and supplementing with antioxidants may further decrease the risk of kidney injury due to extreme heat.
Bottom Line
Rising global temperatures are posing increasing risk for kidney disease and contributing to a worldwide rise in chronic kidney disease. Extended exposure to heat and dehydration can lead to kidney injury and kidney stones. Improved hydration, improved nutrient-density diet, and use of antioxidants maybe be preventive. Other confounding factors cannot be ignored, including increased environmental pollution, factors that impact on gut health, and medications. Although individuals can take steps to reduce our carbon footprint, but broad public health measures must advocate for policy changes that reduce contributions to climate change and the resulting global health impacts.
The post Impact of Climate Change on Kidney Health appeared first on Integrative Kidney.]]>You can think of your gut’s bacterial ecosystem (or microbiota) as a society. Just like any society, there are good guys and bad guys, and we can measure such attributes as population and diversity. So, the three questions we ask when evaluating the microbiome are:
- Are there any bad bacteria that need to be evicted?
- What’s the bacterial population? Do you have enough inhabitants living in the gut?
- Is there enough bacterial diversity? Different bacteria have different jobs and contributions, so a broader diversity is an indicator for better health.
There are multiple factors that affect the answers to those questions, and here we’ll focus on diet. Eating the right foods is possibly the most effective way to cultivate a robust microbiome and defend against “bad-guy overgrowth”.
Eating the right foods is possibly the most effective way to cultivate a robust microbiome and defend against “bad-guy overgrowth”
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Probiotics and Prebiotics: What’s the difference?
Prebiotics is a term used to describe “bacteria food” needed to cultivate a healthy microbiome. Bacteria primarily feed on fiber found in vegetables, fruit, and whole grains (not processed grains like bread and pasta). In fact, in people eating the Standard American Diet (SAD), which is high in animal protein and fat and low in dietary fiber, we see microbiome quantity and diversity significantly reduced. This imbalance is thought to be one of the major contributors to the chronic disease epidemic in the US.
Probiotics are live bacteria (and sometimes yeast) that are usually consumed through traditionally fermented foods, like kefir, kombucha, and sauerkraut and other fermented veggies, and are good for optimal gut function. They can also be taken as a supplement, which have grown in popularity as more research has suggested a benefit of supporting healthy gut bacteria.
As it turns out, focusing only on probiotics has yielded mixed results in the research. That’s because bacterial levels in the gut are transient unless supported with long-term dietary changes that incorporate regular intake of prebiotic fiber. Therefore, we need to look at both pre- and probiotic intake to optimize the microbiome.
It turns out, focusing only on probiotics has yielded mixed results in the research. That’s because bacterial levels in the gut are transient unless supported with long-term dietary changes that incorporate regular intake of prebiotic…
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Fiber, Fiber, and More Fiber
There are two kinds of fiber: soluble and insoluble.
Soluble fiber is the kind of food that suck up water and becomes like a gel. This helps to move digested food through the gut. Insoluble fiber does not break down during digestion. It passes through the gut intact, forming a sort of net, binding digested food byproducts together to create firm stool.
Fiber intake of at least 30 g/day is associated with reducing the risk of heart disease, obesity, diabetes, and even certain kinds of cancers like colorectal cancer. These benefits are likely due to improved bowel movements, removal of toxins, and support of a healthy microbiome.
To preserve kidney function, animal protein sources should be reduced or restricted (more about that here). The research suggests, that plant-based protein sources might be ideal for kidney disease patients since they also double as sources of diverse dietary fiber.
Whole grains, legumes, nuts, and seeds make excellent sources of both fiber and protein. In addition, many vegetables and fruits have surprisingly significant amount of protein including avocado*, broccoli, cauliflower, mushrooms (especially Portobello and shitake), and seaweed. Always keep in mind, though these foods may be generally healthy, in some patients with potassium restrictions you need to consult with your renal nutritionist to personalize your diet.
Remember to always choose whole, fresh foods whenever possible and avoid processed foods that claim to have “added fiber”. They are usually packed full of fillers, sugars, grains, cereals and artificial ingredients.
Remember to always choose whole, fresh foods whenever possible and avoid processed foods that claim to have “added fiber”. They are usually packed full of fillers, sugars, grains, cereals and artificial ingredients
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The recommended daily fiber intake is somewhere between 30-40 grams of both soluble and insoluble fiber. The following options allow you to mix and match to achieve your daily fiber. Every kidney patient is different and needs an individualized approach, we’ve highlighted the foods within this list that are high in potassium with this symbol (*) and food high in phosphorus with this symbol (‡) so you can further customize to fit your needs:
- 1 cup of cooked oatmeal = 4 g
- 1/2 cup of raspberries = 4 g
- 1 cup of avocado*= 10 g
- 2 cups of romaine lettuce = 2.4 g
- Medium-sized banana*= 3.1 g
- 1 cup of carrots = 3.6 g
- 1 cup of beets*= 3.8 g
- 1 artichoke*= 10.3 g
- 1 cup of Brussels sprouts = 6.4 g
- 1 cup of kidney beans‡= 11.3 g
- 1 cup of cooked split peas*= 16.3 g
- 1 cup of cooked chickpeas = 12.5 g
- 1 cup of cooked quinoa*= 5.2 g
- 1 ounce of dried chia seeds‡= 10.6 g
- 1 cup of blueberries = 3.5 g
- 1 cup of strawberries = 3.3 g
- 1 cup broccoli = 3 g
- 2 carrots = 6.4 g
- 1 cup of brown rice = 3.5 g
- Half a cup of lentils‡*= 15.6 g
- Medium-sized boiled sweet potato*= 3.8
- 1 oz of almonds = 3.3 g
- 1 apple = 5 g
- 1 pear = 6 g
- 1 ounce of dark chocolate‡= 3.1 g
- 3 cups of popped popcorn = 3 g
The recommended daily fiber intake is somewhere between 30-40 grams of both soluble and insoluble fiber
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Cut out the sugar, You Are Sweet Enough Already
High-sugar diets can be a major disrupter of your gut microbiome, primarily because it feeds bad bacteria and yeast overgrowth. This is one of the proposed mechanisms contributing to metabolic diseases like diabetes and heart disease, two conditions associated with KD.
Should you take probiotics supplement?
Though supplementation may be very useful in some cases, the best long-term strategy is to increase the intake of per- and probiotics naturally through your diet. Traditionally fermented foods are a great source of naturally found probiotics, these include non-pasteurized traditionally-made kefir, sauerkraut, kimchi, miso, and pickled vegetables. However, for various reasons they may be restricted in some patients, so work with a nutritionist to implement the best strategy for gut bacteria balance – which may include a combination of food-based intervention and supplementation.
Other lifestyle factors that affect the microbiome
Interestingly, exercise may change the composition of the microbes in the gut for the better. Aim for at least 20 minutes of exercise daily and make it priority (you and your kidneys are worth it). In addition, stress can deplete the friendly flora and promote the growth bad bacteria. Although stress cannot always be avoided, find way to manage stress like breathing exercises and meditation, and do your best to avoid triggers.
It’s important to work with a physician and nutritionist familiar with integrative approach to kidney disease. He/she can help you design a comprehensive plan that includes personalized dietary recommendations and supplements that promote healthy bacteria balance for optimal gut and kidney health.
The post Feeding Gut Bacteria in Patients with Kidney Disease appeared first on Integrative Kidney.]]>